< Karen Dorsey DVM & Merlin
1. FELOCELL Vaccine for CATS - one vaccine available for feline coronavirus
2. New SARS-CoV-2 Variant: Animal Considerations By Scott Weese on December 29, 2020
3. FDA Question : MUTATION - TEST feline2Human regarding mutation?
4. I was born a "Pixie-Bob" - circa 2007 - on a farm located near Canton, NC. < MERLIN'S Story
5. Cornell -Request for Advice
Subject MUTATION - TEST feline2Human regarding mutation?
From Susan Cassady Neuhart
To [me] , Monique.Richards@fda.hhs.gov, Neuhart Hans
Reply-To REDACTED
Date Wed 11:42 :: 12-23-2020
mailto: Monique.Richards@fda.hhs.gov
Dear Dr. Richards ( Monique ) I hope this question finds you well.
Before, I retired [2012] - I was very informed of Genetics ( UWGB ) - via education AND business( https://www.sciencevectorart.com/ )
Thus, the SARS-COV-2 "mutation" News - although expected - concerns me. We recently lost our Pixie-BoB feline to lymphoma (below)
Now, we are considering "adoption" - of "Prissy"[ from a shelter] - but want to confirm the 'adoptee' has been tested properly - for SARS-COV-2,3,4, ... - before interview event - with husband - Human Male - born 1959. I will not be attending the interview event.
- PLEASE CITE THE APPROVED TEST - THE "HUMANE AGENT" cited - SHOULD USE.
- SINCERELY,
- Susan Marie Neuhart (nee "CassAdy")
******************************************************
MedVet Dayton Ohio "... Veterinary DR. Przybylski/ ** Adoption During PanDemic **
RE: Merlin - Pixie-BOB - Euthanized - early Dec. 2020 - due to diagnosis of Lymphoma.
Considering adoption of "Prissy" Humane-Society Wilmington, Ohio
What is SARS-COV-2 protocol testing - feline2Human regarding mutation?
Please specify test identifiers RE:PAWShumaneSociety-Wilmington Ohio
THANK YOU! YES - HAVE RECEIVED ASHES AND PAW plaque - made donation to Ellie's Rainy Day Fund
- Susan & Hans ..." FORM: https://shilohanimal.com/contact/ < VET. Christina Crouch
https://www.medvetforpets.com/doctor/kevin-przybylski/
[end]
.. There is currently only one vaccine available for feline coronavirus, a modified live intranasal product labeled for use in cats
> 16 weeks of age, which is given as a series of two vaccines 3-4 weeks apart. ..."
COPIED > 12/26/2020 " Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP): More Complex Than We Thought!"
[edits by Susan]
- WSAVA 2015 Congress - VIN https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=14365&id=7259390&print=1 1/5
BY: Richard Ford , DACVIM, DACVPM (hon) North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
The first references to the fact that cats - infected by this virus [ FIPv, FECV, FCOV ] - developed disease were described as early as 1960.
[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_infectious_peritonitis#The_virus_and_pathogenesis_of_FIP
"... The virus and pathogenesis of FIP :: FCoV is a virus of the gastrointestinal tract. Most infections are either asymptomatic or cause diarrhea, especially in kittens, as maternally derived antibody wanes at between 5 and 7 weeks of age. The virus is a mutation of feline enteric coronavirus ( FECV - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377428/ :: TITLE:"Sequence Analysis of Feline Coronaviruses and the Circulating Virulent/Avirulent Theory" ). From the gut, the virus very briefly undergoes a systemic phase,[2] before returning to the gut where it is shed in the feces. The pathogenesis of FIP is complex. There is a general consensus that FIPVs arise from mutations enabling them to enter or replicate more successfully in monocytes (a type of white blood cell). However, many aspects of virus–host interactions affecting the disease remain uncertain, such as the factors that influence disease form (wet or dry), outcome (death or resistance), and host susceptibility.[3] ..." (3) Niels C.Pedersen : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023314001786 :: TITLE: "An update on feline infectious peritonitis: Virology and immunopathogenesis" ]
However, it was not until 1966 that feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was described as a "distinct clinical entity" and the infectious nature of the disease was described. And, 25 years later, the first (and still only) FIP vaccine was introduced in the US (and is now available in some European countries).
Although the initial name, "feline infectious peritonitis," has remained the "popular name" for this disease, the virus by no means is restricted to the [feline] peritoneum.
[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneum ]
In fact, coronaviruses are a widely distributed group of viruses capable of infecting several species of birds and mammals. They can cause upper respiratory and gastrointestinal disease, hepatitis, vasculitis, peritonitis, pleuritis, and encephalitis. [ The world pandemic is caused by - a coronavirus: "SARS-COV-2" . ]
Perhaps the best known of these viruses are the FIP virus in cats [ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=33734 ], canine coronavirus in dogs, and transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine.
Epizootiology [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epizootiology "...the study of disease patterns within animal populations...." ]
The overall prevalence of FIP is not precisely known. In the general population, it has been reported by some sources to be less than 1% of all cats presented to university teaching hospitals. In multiple cat households and catteries, the prevalence is probably considerably higher. Under the worst conditions, the morbidity (clinical illness) - due to FIP - is typically around 3–4% in cluster households. (Note: that compares to 28–30% for FeLV endemic households). [Susan - who lost Merlin - to lymphoma - is interested in the prevalence of the virus ( FIPV ) in environments (Catteries) - where cats are manufactured (bred) and sold - for income. Should such "businesses" be subject to inspection and licensing - at the County and city level - where they are operated? What level of training and authority must "inspectors" have? Should feline purchase and adoption - be embargoed - during the "pandemic" - caused by a Coronavirus - that, has now mutated. ]
Nonetheless, the disease - we call FIP - is highly lethal and carries a poor prognosis for survival.
The Clinical Disease Generally speaking, FIP occurs in two distinct forms: an effusive form characterized by peritonitis or pleuritis, or both, and a noneffusive or dry form that causes granulomatous lesions in major organs, such as lymph nodes, kidneys, the eyes, and the central nervous system (CNS).
Effusive FIP is characterized by a widespread vasculitis that is responsible for the outpouring of protein- and fibrin-rich fluid. Although antibody titers do not correlate with immunity, titers will rise simultaneously with the development of lesions of effusive FIP. The presence of effusion in cats with FIP has been attributed to a strong humoral immune response to the virus, but a weak cell-mediated immune (CMI) response. Note: CMI is key in protecting cats from FIP.
The noneffusive form of FIP, clearly the most difficult to diagnose, is characterized by a dramatic granulomatous reaction in localized tissues, such as the nervous system or the eye. Again, antibody is not protective. An "intermediate" CMI and humoral response is responsible for the lack of effusion. Cell-mediated immunity does not always lead to complete elimination of the virus. Apparently, [the] virus can persist in the body of some cats for an indefinite period of time. With advancing age or drug-induced immunosuppression ( FeLV infection or steroids), the FIP infection may again become active. 1
Transmission
- The actual route by which feline coronavirus (FCoV) is spread is generally believed to be via the fecal-oral route (esp., queen-to-kitten ). ["queen"]
Transmission in utero has been suggested; however, this route has not been definitely proven. The virus is probably excreted into the environment by a number of routes, including oral and respiratory secretions, feces, and possibly, urine. It appears that close, sustained contact between cats (esp. a carrier queen and her kittens) is required for effective transmission of the virus. [ citation? ]
Note: the virus appears to remain infectious for up to 7 weeks in a dry environment...it's more resilient than originally thought.
Therefore, cluster households where breeding is prevalent (lots of kittens) pose the greatest risk of transmission of FCoV.
Important: FCoV is commonly found in individual as well as households of cats; up to 90% of healthy cats living in a household can be found to have FCoV (fecal shedding).
The clinical disease we call 'FIP' is apparently subsequent to 3 factors:
1. Exposure to and infection with FCoV (which is very common)...and
2. Mutation of the "very common" FCoV into a virulent coronavirus called the FIP virus (FIPV), (Note: this mutation appears to occur within the individual cat...mutated virus does not appear to spread among cats)... [ Susan confused: FIPv - a coronavirus - comes into existence AND is not "transmissible" - ARE all coronavirus transmissible? ]
and 3. A genetic predisposition of the individual cat to develop disease once the mutation occurs.
( Persian and Burmese are at the top of the genetic predisposition list...but other breeds and mixed-breed cats can certainly be susceptible).
( Note: some studies have challenged the mutagenesis concept of FIP pathogenesis). [ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114484/ ]
[ MUTAGENESIS : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis_(molecular_biology_technique) ]
[ SOURCE:https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.09.008
"... The ‘internal mutation’ theory of the FECV→FIPV conversion has been recently questioned by Dye and Siddell. 45 ..."
[45.] Dye, C., Siddell, S.G. Genomic RNA sequence of feline coronavirus strain FCoV C1Je, J Feline Med Surg 9, 2007, 202–213.
( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2582377/ : TITLE: "... Genomic RNA sequence of feline coronavirus strain FCoV
[by] Charlotte Dye and Stuart G. Siddell, BSc(Hons), PhD
... The ‘internal mutation theory’ states that FIP occurs when a cat is exposed to variants of FCoV that have mutated within the host and are able to disseminate from the gut (primary site of infection) by gaining the ability to replicate efficiently within macrophages (Pedersen, 1995, Poland et al, 1996, Vennema et al, 1998). This hypothesis has had many proponents and numerous speculations regarding the location of mutation(s) that could result in the alteration of pathogenicity have been made (Haijema et al, 2004, Rottier et al, 2005). It should, however, be noted that the difference between FCoV infection with and without FIP disease is believed to be quantitative rather than absolute (Meli et al, 2004, Rottier et al, 2005, Kipar et al, 2006). Most authors have concurred that although low-level monocyte-associated viraemia is found with FECV infection, this virus is mainly confined to the gut. This is in contrast to the highly pathogenic FIPV, which disseminates systemically with high viral titres. Thus, obtaining sequence data from enteric and non-enteric FCoVs found within individual cats with FIP may shed more light on any genetic differences between FECV and FIPV.
... In this paper, viral RNA extracted from two different tissue samples, one enteric (jejunum) and one non-enteric (liver), was sequenced and compared in an attempt to investigate the possibility of genetic differences that might account for the enhanced pathogenicity of FIPV compared with FECV. The finding of a 100% nucleotide identity in the structural and accessory gene regions of the enteric virus (FCoV C1Je) and the non-enteric virus (FCoV C1Li) does not support this view. In fact, it provides a powerful argument opposing the ‘internal mutation theory’. However, there are some limitations that may also explain this result. For example, consensus sequencing will mask minority virus populations and it is possible that a second viral isolate is present at low levels within the cat 1 jejunum sample. One potential model would be that following immune impairment in cats with well-progressed FIP disease, pathogenic FIPV is able to replicate uncontrollably and migrates back to the gut where viral loads are able to exceed those of the enteric FECV strains. Secondly, it is possible that the important determinants of pathogenicity are located in the proteins encoded in the replicase gene region. It is certainly conceivable that interaction between proteins of the replicase complex and cellular proteins could have critical importance and that alterations in this interaction could lead to altered pathogenicity. It is known, for example, that significant CD4 and CD8 T cell epitopes are located in the replicase proteins of Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV) (Stohlman et al 1993) and it is already clear that some coronavirus non-structural proteins have profound effects on cellular processes such as deubiquitination and Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)-ribose metabolism (Barretto et al, 2005, Putics et al, 2005). The next step would certainly be to obtain the full genomic RNA sequence of FCoV C1Li so that the replicase gene regions can be compared. ..." ]
Diagnosis of Clinical FIP The effusive form of FIP is easier to diagnose than the noneffusive form.
Once a pleural or peritoneal effusion develops, gross and microscopic examination of the fluid is usually sufficient to make a clinical diagnosis.
In the noneffusive form, the disease is far more difficult to diagnose because of the virus's ability to localize in discrete organs and the absence of obvious clinical signs.
Hematology and Biochemistry
In both the effusive and noneffusive forms of FIP, the total white blood cell (WBC) count is typically elevated with an absolute neutrophilia and a normal to low lymphocyte count. Cats with concurrent feline leukemia virus ( FeLV ) infection may have profound panleukopenia [virus ]. In most cases of FIP, a mild to moderately severe anemia exists. [ https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1053/jfms.2001.0119?journalCode=jfma ]
Fluid Analysis Peritoneal and pleural effusions (if present!) are characteristic and essentially diagnostic. The fluid is light to dark yellow in color and has a sticky, viscous consistency. The fluid is technically an exudate since it is high in protein (characteristically from 5 to 12 g/dL) and has a high specific gravity ranging from 1.017 to 1.047.
Cytological assessment of the fluid: Expect the fluid to be relatively hypocellular consisting principally of WBCs, predominantly neutrophils and macrophages, with occasional mesothelial cells. An albumin:globulin ratio (determined on abdominal fluid) that is greater than 0.81 is highly predictive for ruling out a diagnosis of FIP.
An albumin concentration (in the abdominal effusion) greater than 48% of the total protein (or a gammaglobulin less than 32% of total protein) is a relatively good predictor that the effusion is not caused by FIP. On the other hand, an effusion in which the globulin fraction is greater than 32% of the total protein (in the fluid) is highly predictive of FIP. Plasma Proteins Of particular importance in the diagnosis of the noneffusive form of FIP is the fact that approximately 75% of the cats affected have plasma proteins that are greater than 7.8 g/dl.
Characteristically, the albumin is lower than normal and the globulin fraction is abnormally high.
Important: Electrophoresis of the serum proteins, available through most commercial clinical pathology labs, will demonstrate an increase in the gammaglobulin fraction of serum in about 75% of cats affected with the NONEFFUSIVE form of FIP. Histopathology Biopsy is the only "test" that CAN confirm an antemortem diagnosis of FIP.
Any FIP diagnosis made without histologic confirmation must be considered presumptive. Antibody vs. Antigen Testing
Several assays are currently available to detect coronavirus antibody in serum. Remember: There is no "FIP test."
Commercial laboratories offering "FIP-antibody titers" are actually reporting "coronavirus antibody titers."
While it has been proposed that the disease can be diagnosed by virtue of a high antibody titer, none of the so-called antibody tests for FIP are diagnostic.
A negative titer, on the other hand, can indicate lack of exposure to a coronavirus and therefore be interpreted as not FIP...
(but...the high incidence of FCoV exposure among normal cats makes a negative FCoV titer pretty rare!)
A "positive" coronavirus titer does not define a diagnosis of FIP.
Titer Applications
Despite all the frustration associated with interpreting coronavirus antibody tests, there are some situations in which determination of antibody titers can be of use to the practitioner:
1. Based on the current knowledge of feline coronavirus serology, there is little or no value in performing routine antibody titer screening. In fact, cats dying of FIP typically have a low or "negative" titer.
2. Determination of coronavirus antibody titers is a poor clinical aid in the diagnosis of a sick cat with signs suggestive of FIP. A positive coronavirus titer may be the least significant test to perform compared to any other diagnostic procedure available.
3. Recently available -through commercial laboratories - is the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for coronavirus antigen.
The assay offers the ability to detect viral antigen in effusions, serum, plasma, and in feces. This is not an FIP test!
The value of RT-PCR is that it can detect viral antigen (compared to antibody). It does not distinguish between FIPV and FECV or any other feline coronaviruses. The RT-PCR assay does not distinguish between FIPV and the FECV; however, it has allowed investigators to study feline coronavirus shedding patterns of cats living in cluster households. This, combined with evidence that FECV is, in fact, the parent of FIPV, has provided new, clinically germane information about this complex disease: ...another ('new-and-improved') RT-PCR test is commercially available. Investigators have discovered that RT-PCR technology can be utilized to identify mRNA (messenger RNA) of replicating feline coronaviruses inside circulating monocytes of infected cats.
The biological point of significance here - is that even cats with benign (so-called) 'enteric' coronavirus - can have circulating coronavirus in their plasma...but that's NOT necessarily an indication of FIP.
However, if mRNA can be identified in macrophages, the coronavirus is replicating...and that's characteristic of FIP ... only the FIPV replicates inside cells.
Note: False-positive test results have been observed (i.e., the test is not always correct!) The FIP Vaccine (Topical) Zoetis currently sells the only approved vaccine for FIP (Felocell® FIP, also Primucell® ) which is available in a limited number of markets. It is a temperature sensitive, modified-live virus "designed" to grow only at the cooler temperatures of the upper respiratory tract. The vaccine virus will not replicate at core body temperatures.
Therefore, it is effective only if exposure is via the oronasal mucous membranes (and this is the presumed most common route of infection); the vaccine is administered intranasally (applied directly onto the oral-nasal mucosa). Protection is apparently mediated by secretory IgA produced at the level of the upper respiratory tract and oral mucous membranes combined with an enhanced cell mediated immune response.
The efficacy of the [TWO] vaccine [vaccines : Felocell® FIP, also Primucell® ] in preventing FIP has not been definitively established.
Challenge studies offer conflicting results but generally cite the value when the vaccine can be administered to kittens that have never been exposed to coronavirus.
The search for an effective vaccine is still ongoing.
SOURCE: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/veterinary-support/disease-information/feline-coronavirus
TITLE: "Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) RT-PCR"
MUTAGENISIS :
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis_(molecular_biology_technique)
https://www.dvm360.com/view/vaccine-aims-to-nip-fip-in-the-bud : TITLE: "Vaccine aims to nip FIP in the bud"
March 16, 2020 - Sarah Mouton Dowdy - dvm360, dvm360 April 2020, Volume 51, Issue 4
"... A new contender may soon be entering the ring in the fight against feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Morris Animal Foundation–funded researchers from Colorado State University (CSU) are developing an oral vaccine designed to beat the disease to the punch by targeting feline enteric coronavirus (FECV)—the highly contagious and common virus that can mutate randomly into FIP. ..."
"Morris Animal Foundation" : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Animal_Foundation :
https://www.morrisanimalfoundation.org/study/diagnosing-and-preventing-feline-infectious-peritonitis
References
1. Addie DD, Jarrett O. Feline coronavirus infections. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 4th ed. Chapter 10. St. Louis, MO: Saunders-Elsevier; 2012:92–108.
2. Addie DD, Ishida T. Feline infectious peritonitis: therapy and prevention. In: Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, eds. Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. Chap 285. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:1295– 1299. S I (click the speaker's name to view other papers and abstracts submitted by this speaker) Richard B. Ford, DVM, MS, DACVIM, D(Hon)ACVPM North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, USA URL:
( https://www.vin.com/doc/?id=7259390 )
FELOCELL® https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_vaccination
"Vaccine" feline infectious peritonitis ( "FIP" ) https://www.zoetispetcare.com/
SOURCE: https://www.zoetisus.com/products/cats/felocell-fip.aspx
"... FELOCELL® FIP : AN INTRANASAL VACCINE TO AID IN PREVENTION OF FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS (FIP) CAUSED BY FIP VIRUS. FELOCELL FIP is for intranasal (IN) vaccination of healthy cats 16 weeks of age or older as an aid in preventing feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV).
FELOCELL FIP contains an attenuated, temperature-sensitive (TS) strain of FIP virus propagated on an established feline cell line.
The vaccine is freeze-dried to preserve stability.
Key Benefits: Cats vaccinated intranasally (IN) with FELOCELL FIP develop a protective immune response and do not become hypersensitized. This practical benefit may be attributed to the temperature-sensitive FELOCELL FIP vaccine strain, which replicates in the upper respiratory tract but does not spread systemically at 39°C, the cat’s body temperature. ..."
"... DIRECTIONS:
1. General Directions: Vaccination of healthy cats is recommended. [ WHAT DOES THIS "healthy cats" MEAN - FOR CIVILIANS? VIRUS FREE? IS THERE A TEST TO DETERMINE - "VIRUS FREE"? ] Aseptically rehydrate the freeze-dried vaccine with the sterile diluent provided. Mix well. Use dropper to inoculate entire volume into nasal passages (1/2 volume into each nasal passage). Cats may sneeze or shake their heads at the time of administration.
2. Primary Vaccination: Healthy cats 16 weeks of age or older should receive 2 IN doses administered 3-4 weeks apart.
3. Revaccination: Annual revaccination with a single dose is recommended. ..."
FELOCELL® : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_vaccination : "Vaccine" feline infectious peritonitis ( "FIP" ): https://www.zoetispetcare.com/
SOURCE: https://www.zoetisus.com/products/cats/felocell-fip.aspx
https://www.dvm360.com/view/vaccine-aims-to-nip-fip-in-the-bud
"... Vaccine aims to nip FIP in the bud - March 16, 2020 - Sarah Mouton Dowdy - dvm360, dvm360 April 2020, Volume 51, Issue 4 ..."
https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/vaccines-for-cats
TITLE: " Vaccines for Cats :: By Ernest Ward, DVM; Rania Gollakner, BS DVM Care & Wellness, Pet Services "
"... Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP is caused by a coronavirus. Infection with coronavirus is common, but development of FIP is less common.
... We do not understand why some infections lead to fatal disease whereas the majority of infections cause only minor illness (see handout "Feline Infectious Peritonitis"). ..."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2829570/ < Immunization against feline coronaviruses
https://www.sheltermedicine.com/library/resources/?r=feline-infectious-peritonitis-feline-coronavirus-fip-fcov
"... Vaccination for FCoV/FIP
... There are inherent challenges to creating a truly reliable vaccine for FCoV, given that even natural infection does not convey lasting immunity.
... There is currently only one vaccine available for feline coronavirus, a modified live intranasal product labeled for use in cats > 16 weeks of age, which is given as a series of two vaccines 3-4 weeks apart. ..."
FIP vaccine cats - https://www.sheltermedicine.com/library/resources/?r=feline-infectious-peritonitis-feline-coronavirus-fip-fcov
"... Feline Infectious Peritonitis/Feline Coronavirus (FIP/FCoV)
Last updated: 2020-02-07
Document type: Information Sheet
Topic: Infectious Disease
Species: Feline
... There is currently only one vaccine available for feline coronavirus, a modified live intranasal product labeled for use in cats
> 16 weeks of age, which is given as a series of two vaccines 3-4 weeks apart. ..."
Susan & Karen
< Karen Dorsey DVM & Merlin
PREPARED FOR REGINA (AFTER PHONE CONVERSATION THIS am. AND, SPEAKING TO STEVE - THE " ENGRAVER " ...
Ellie’s Rainy Day Fund ERDF : PEOPLE AND PETS
SOURCE: http://www.presidentsclubdayton.org/phocadownload/newsletters/pc_2018_newsletters.pdf
"... Juli Burnell, Founder & Director, Ellie’s Rainy Day Fund - Dr. Burnell is a 1989 graduate of the School of Professional Psychology at Wright State University.
After working for several years in private practice, she spent 17 years on the staff of the Counseling Center at the University of Dayton. At UD she worked as the Coordinator of Group Therapy and the Coordinator of Clinical Training, in addition to seeing her caseload and teaching undergraduate and graduate courses. She also served as a Diversity Fellow on the team charged with conducting diversity training and community building in all departments across campus. She currently serves as Clinical Faculty with the School of Professional Psychology.
Dr. Burnell has always been interested in supporting the important roles humans and animals play in each other’s lives.
Since retiring from clinical practice, she has focused her energies on fostering those bonds. She started one of the first pet food pantries in the area, and was a part of the committee that created the Scout Dog Park, Greene County’s first public dog park.
She recently founded "Ellie’s Rainy Day Fund" , a not for profit organization whose mission is to support and preserve the human-companion animal bond in Ohio’s Miami Valley area through funding of veterinary services, education and advocacy. ERDF partners with veterinarians to assist families to be able to keep their medically challenged pets in the face of financial hardship.
The overarching goal of Ellie’s Rainy Day Fund is to keep families together by saving their pets’ lives.
SUSAN AND HANS NEUHART CHOSE TO EUTHANIZE - THEIR SENOR PIXIE-BOB FELINE "MERLIN" - AFTER HE WAS DIAGNOSED WITH "LYMPHOMA" BY PETMED DAYTON. "... Kevin Przybylski, DVM is an Emergency Doctor who joined the MedVet Dayton team in 2018..." - WAS THEIR VETERINARY ADVISER AND GUIDE.
Dr. Juli Burnell Beavercreek, OH UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON - "Coordinator of Group Therapy and Clinical Training"
Main address - "Ellie’s Rainy Day Fund" - PO Box 340013 - Beavercreek, OH 45434 USA
https://www.wright-patt.com/blog/2019/10/15/give-back-this-giving-tuesday-around-beavercreek
MERLIN'S MEMORY PAGE - AT SUSAN'S PERSONAL WEB SITE:
https://hansandcassady.org/lumpsON-merlin.html
THANK YOU! DR. BURNELL - for giving us ("humans") a way to say THANK YOU! - SUAN & HANS: HANS@EIG.NET < HANS' EMAIL
Susan & Merlin "2016" - @ Debbie's 
NOTE :
I SPOKE to "another Steve" - yesterday [ WEDnesday 12-2-2020] - and explained my "confusion". My husband (of 38+ years) did speak to me (yesterday). In my "grief" - i poured out THE DETAILS - of how Merlin (an "Apex Predator" - in North Carolina's Smoky Mountains ) - came to "adopt us" [ 2 very UN-adapted "city people" - hi-tech workers ] . This resulted in "way to many words" [characters] (shown below) - for a "memory Urn". Thus, my husband "Hans" "Neuhart" - did compose a more appropriate - SHORT character - message. AND YES, the "User Interface" on the Faithful Companion web site did accommodate - his "short" composed message. THIS IS THE MESSAGE THAT SHOULD BE ENGRAVED ONTO THE SELECTED "URN" TYPOGRAPHY AREA. PLEASE FORGIVE MY CONFUSION - expressed in "Grief" circumstances. I have added a page to my web - site ( on death and dying ). It is a famous "research paper" presentation - by Doctor Elisabeth Kubler-Ross.
Section A - ENGRAVE WORDS REQUESTED - FINAL <<<<<<< NO, not appropriate - PLEASE use words submitted - and PAID FOR - by Hans Neuhart
Section B - FOR STEVE "ENGRAVER" <<<<<<< NO, not appropriate - PLEASE use words submitted - and PAID FOR - by Hans Neuhart
Section C - DEMONSTRATION OF POINT SIZE - NA
Section D- FIRST DRAFT - WORDS <<<<<<< NO, not appropriate - PLEASE use words submitted - and PAID FOR - by Hans Neuhart
Section E - WORDS FOR Susan's Web site << <<<WEB PAGE IN CREATION
Section F - about Susan Neuhart - education
Section G - causes of lumps and bumps on felines - by VETS - FOR VETS
oHcontact@faithfulcompanion.com :: mailto: ohcontact@faithfulcompanion.com + Regina + Steve (the Engraver)
https://shop.faithfulcompanion.com/collections/cincinnati-oh/products/classic-gold < Urn selected - AND PAID FOR - HAVE RECEIPT
| h |
Section A - ENGRAVE WORDS REQUESTED - FINAL |
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I was born in the USA - circa 2007 - on a farm located near Canton, NC. I first saw the humans - that fed me - while sitting in a 200+ year old oak tree that was sited near their log home in the Smoky Mountains. The human woman saw me first. She would emerge daily - from the log home - with clippers, a rake and a hovel. The first time she saw me - and, because I lacked a tail - she told her MALE [that] a young "bobcat" was watching her. Soon after, she brought me a plate filled with tuna - and, set it - on the dirt road - that led to their cabin. A Scottish-American human - she named me "Paddy" - at first -because, it was not known - If, I was a "boy" or "girl". Then, she tried to tame and protect me. One day - she found evidence THAT a fight occurred. I'd made a stand - against the racoons. I was stronger now. Not as "big" as them - but, mindful [that] she wanted me to be there - NOT them. Knowing [that] a Scotch-Irish American - has your back - gives one strength - and, a "might" - from inside YOU surfaces. |
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:: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading ]
STEVE (THE "ENGRAVER") INDICATED - DURING OUR CONVERSATION [ 12-1-2020 ] - THAT A 4 INCH BY 5 INCH DIMENSION "AREA" WAS AVAILABLE TO ME - TO FILL WITH WORDS. HIS CITED INFORMATION CONFLICTS WITH THE FAITHFUL COMPANION WEBSITE WEB SITE "USER INTERFACE" - WHICH PERMITS ONLY 19 CHARACTERS.
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SECTION E I was born a "Pixie-Bob" - circa 2007 - on a farm located near Canton, NC.
I first saw the humans - that fed me - while sitting in a 200+ year old oak tree that was sited near their log home in the Smoky Mountains - near Asheville, NC.
I had traveled - up to that point - with a young Brown Bear and Racoons. It was their habit to find the trash storage areas of humans - and tear open the PLASTIC bags.
I watched and participated - in eating any food uncovered. This was their only way of obtaining food to eat.
However, I was equipped - from the start - with sharp claws, springs in my legs - and the ability to quickly kill [that] which I had caught.
The humans were aware of the bear and the racoon - long before they spied me. I stepped in their foot-prints - and so, kept myself secret.
The human woman saw me first. She would emerge daily - from the log home - with clippers, a rake and a shovel.
It seemed to be her "mission" to save the young oak trees - that were filled with wild grapevines.
-- I only know, she would spend hours - each day - doing it. -- clipping, raking, throwing dirt. She even had a hand saw AND an axe.
The first time she saw me - and, because I lacked a tail - she told her husband [that] a young "bobcat" was watching her.
Soon after, she brought me a plate filled with tuna - and, set it - on the road - that lead to their cabin. I accepted it - and, showed myself - in the moon's light.
Now, even more convinced (that - I was a young bobcat) - she would sit on her cabin porch - and, watch me - from a distance.
Until, one night - she saw racoons - also approach the food - she'd set - for ME! Then, she picked up a broom - and, pushed the racoons away. Which, I was glad (of this) for, many of them were larger than me.
A Scottish-American human - she named me "Paddy" - at first - because, it was not known - If, I was a "boy" or "girl" - young bobcat.
Her neighbor - a farmer - at the foot of her mountain - was the first to inform her - that I was a 'cat'.
Then, she tried to tame and "protect" me. Again, armed with food and the same broom - she'd swing at the large racoons.
She placed carboard boxes - and heating pads - on the cabin's back porch - and, invited me to stay. She'd warm the milk.
This did not work - for, what I was suspicious of - the racoons were not. They came by the tens and (then - it seemed) hundreds.
Then, one day - she found the stacked boxes and the heating devices mangled - from the fight that had occurred.
Basically, I'd made a stand - against the racoons. I was bigger now. Not as "big" as them - but, mindful [that] she wanted me to be there - NOT them.
Knowing [that] a Scotch-Irish American : "CassAdy" ( WITH a GERMAN MOTHER "Miller/Sprouse" ) - has your back - gives one [ even a "Pixie-BOB" ] - a "strength" - and, a "might" - from inside - surfaces. [SiSu ]
Then, she devised to invite me to the human garage - where she could observe - from her kitchen - with a large Rottweiler dog by her side.
And so, I came to know - the Rottweiler dog - they called "Moses". I knew - I think - before they did - [that] Moses was VERY sick. He was afflicted by something inside of his toe. He licked it and limped - because of it. Sometimes, he would whine. Our eyes met. He ( a 140 pound Rottweiler ) permitted me to approach.
At first, he barked at me - Then, coming into the "understanding" - that my appearance - and approach - was what the human woman wanted - and, why she called to me; He would awaken her - with a wag of his short tail - and, nudge of his wet nose.
I eventually accepted the garage "accommodation" she provided; -- And, the racoons retreated. After all, now "protected" by a fanged Rottweiler - AND, a broom wielding human - it was more than they could surmount - AND, they understood - she [the human woman ] would both "kill" to protect me - and/or "loose" Moses - if needed. I expanded my presence - over time; And, as the Rottweiler's condition - a kind of canine lymphoma - advanced - he permitted me to warm myself - AND him - by "cuddling" near his belly. Then, one day - the human man saw blood on the covers and clean towels - she had placed for me. They drove me into into the Asheville, NC Animal Hospital - where [more] "special" humans saved my life.
It was discovered, I had - a feline medical condition - called "Giardia" . It was determined - from the presence of possum hairs in my stool - [that] I had contracted it - by snatching a baby possum off the back - of its mother. The humans [in fact] reported seeing a possum - loaded with babies - near their home. The "cabin humans" exchanged money - for the efforts - the humans - in the hospital; made to save me. Many days went by - during which, I slept most of. Eventually, I was returned - to the "log cabin humans" - identified as a male felis domesticus - with a genetically "natural" short tail - and, named "Merlin". This "name" was selected - at the suggestion of the human man - related, to the manner - in which I would disappear - And, then "reappear" - at the human woman's beckon.
Moses was euthanized - after a year long struggle - during which his affected foot was - dipped daily (in Epsom salts) - to try to stop the infection (at first) - and, then surgically operated on - resulting in the removal of his toes - and foot.
After a bath, vaccinations and a nail clipping - the humans kept me in (inside) their log home. I often laid by the pot-belly stove and fireplace. Mostly, the male human - but - occasionally - the female human - would dangle a paper on a string for me to chase. They marveled at how I could leap and move - about their large "cabin" furniture - and, how "quick" I was. Because of this, I often caught the item dangled - which, I then proceeded to rip "it" to shreds. The paper - was eventually changed into a cloth; Which, the human female's sister [ "Carol" ] - who knew of others (like me) - in London, Ohio - bid her ( "little sister" - Susie) replace with a specially designed toy - filled with a substance - called "cat-nip". WOW!
I stayed with the humans - until 2020 - when, they gave permission to also euthanize me (11-30-2020) - related to the appearance of large subcutaneous bumps - all over me - which were diagnosed to be lymphoma - by MedVET Animal Hospital - in Dayton Ohio [3]. Once again, other humans - helped my human "Mom and Dad" - to ease the considerable pain I was in. [ Section G - causes of lumps and bumps on felines - by VETS - FOR VETS ]
The human's previous experience - with my friend [ Moses - the Rottweiler ] - guided their decision - with me. My prognosis ( by highly the well educated and trained animal veterinarians) - was "months" - after being saved from the brink (of death) - until, I would only to return to the brink again.
The contribution - my humans - make to "Ellies Rainy Day Fund" [1] - this day - is made - to help other humans - with the tough decision they must make - related to their beloved pets.
My humans want to recognize - Dayton's Shiloh Animal Hospital (Dr. Crouch) [2] - and MEDVet's, Doctor Kevin PrZybilski [3] [ for their unique body of knowledge- gained ONLY through rigorous veterinarian medical study - and, (their) mental "patience" - with other humans - given by Genetics & good "up-bringing" ] - in the diagnosis of me - a "Pixie Bob" - "Apex Predator" - of America's Smoky Mountains.
Thank YOU! for my good life [ from 2007 until 2020] - with the humans (of earth) - the "Neuharts" ( of eventual ZIP 45405 ) - AND, my respectful end. [4]
- Merlin ( An American Pixie-Bob )
REFERENCES
[1] https://elliesrainydayfund.org/
[2] https://shilohanimal.com/; https://www.linkedin.com/in/crouchchristina
[3] https://www.medvetforpets.com/doctor/kevin-przybylski/ + Vanessa + Theresa + staff
[4] Faithful Companion :: https://www.faithfulcompanion.com/ : https://www.faithfulcompanion.com/locations/cincinnati/ General IN BOX
oHcontact@faithfulcompanion.com :: mailto: ohcontact@faithfulcompanion.com + Regina + Steve (the Engraver
https://shop.faithfulcompanion.com/collections/cincinnati-oh/products/classic-gold < Urn selected
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Section F 11-30-2020 :: Susan NEUHART (nee CassAdy) was educated - in 1977 - with the " BELLIN HOSPITAL Nursing curriculum class" of University of Wisconsin Green Bay (UWGB) - to be an "Environmental Scientist ( for the [then] new EPA ). She was married ( for a very short time) to a Green Bay, WI Public Health Inspector [ helping him - to study - to become certified AND licensed - as required ]. Susan studied under the specific direction of Doctor Alice Goldsby [microbiology], Doctor Charles Irhke [ Genetics ], PROFESSOR Nancy Sell [Physics] - PROFESSORS Keith White and Mike Moran [ Environmental Science ] - at "ECO University" - UWGB .
Susan, pursued employment - in "Software Development" - related to the lack of employment - for "Environmental Scientists" - at her graduation - in 1982. She accepted an offer - with NCR Corporation. :: Susan AND Hans - spent thousands of dollars - circa 2008 - trying to "save" their beloved Rottweiler "Moses" - at a time [2008] when it was NOT possible ( by "process of elimination" ) to determine - by "testing" - if Moses' foot was infected by a "parasite" - OR, he had a "cancer". Moses was "euthanized" - after months of soaking his toes & foot daily - in iodine, Epsom Salts - etc. - AND, the removal (by surgery) of his toes - and foot.
Shiloh Animal Hospital :: Northridge Animal Hospital :: Canton Animal NC Animal Hospital :: Asheville, NC Animal Hospital. top
There are many causes of lumps and bumps on felines - "cats" ( like Merlin )
SOURCE: https://www.petcoach.co/cat/condition/cutaneous-masses/ + GOOGLE (by Susan)
Some causes are benign while others are more aggressive or even cancerous. Lumps can result from infectious, cancerous, parasitic or allergic conditions. It is extremely important to determine the underlying cause of a lump or bump, as the treatment and prognosis can vary widely based upon this underlying cause. The following list includes many of the more common causes of lumps and bumps in cats, although it is not all inclusive:
Infectious (9)
Parasitic (5)
Cancerous (10 - some "benign" )
Cutaneous hemangiosarcoma ( cancer that starts in the blood vessels ) Feline "cat" lumps bumps
- https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/vascular-tumors-affecting-the-skin
- https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/cancer/c_ct_hemangiosarcoma_skin
- https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/skin-disorders-of-cats/tumors-of-the-skin-in-cats
Lipoma ( benign fatty masses ) Feline "cat" lumps bumps
- https://www.mspca.org/angell_services/lumps-and-bumps-when-to-be-concerned/
- https://www.pethealthnetwork.com/cat-health/cat-diseases-conditions-a-z/lipomas-cats
Allergic (9)
Insect stings/bites Feline "cat" lumps bumps all over
- https://www.elwoodvet.net/bee-and-wasp-stings
- https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/skin-disorders-of-cats/hives-and-rashes-urticaria-in-cats
"Apocrine" gland cyst Feline "cat" lumps bumps
- https://veteriankey.com/18-tumours-of-skin-and-subcutaneous-tissues/
"Follicular" cyst Feline "cat" lumps bumps "subcutaneous"
- https://michvma.org/resources/Documents/MVC/2017%20Proceedings/thomas%2005.pdf
"Epidermal inclusion cyst" Feline "cat" lumps bumps "subcutaneous"
- https://drjeandoddspethealthresource.tumblr.com/post/145819258341/lumps-on-dog-cat/embed
"Sebaceous" gland cyst "Feline" "cat" lumps bumps "subcutaneous"
- https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/tumor-detection-dogs-cats/
- https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11223&catId=31452&id=3859117
- https://michvma.org/resources/Documents/MVC/2017%20Proceedings/thomas%2006.pdf
Drug or injection site reaction
Exciting Changes Coming!
We have a few exciting changes coming in July.
We have been fortunate enough to have Dr. Karen Dorsey and Dr. Johnna Smith (Dr. Jo) offer us relief work over the last few years while we searched for a full-time veterinarian that we felt our clients and patients would embrace. Dr. Layne Staab met that criteria and will be joining the Northridge Animal Clinic Family!
Dr. Dorsey has been amazing over the last several years. We know many of our clients and patients will miss her being around. She has chosen to start spending more time with her family and is pursuing options closer to home. However, this isn’t the last we will see of her. She will still be offering relief services as well as staying on to cover a couple of Saturdays a month. So, if you are a die-hard Dorsey fan, be sure to request her specifically and well in advance, as Saturdays tend to fill up fast.
Dr. Jo has been working hard over the last couple of years to build up her holistic veterinary practice in Tipp City. We are happy her dream of owning a holistic medical practice is coming true and we will continue to refer patients to her for alternative approaches to traditional medicine.
You may have noticed other new faces over the last few months. As the practice has grown, we have added new team members to our Receptionists, Veterinary Assistants and Registered Veterinary Technicians (RVT). By adding to our team, we are able to offer more services including Therapeutic Laser Therapy Treatments and additional Technician Appointments.
Karen Dorsey
Dr. Karen Dorsey is a native of Cincinnati Ohio and has been practicing for over 20 years. She is a 1991 graduate of The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Her Bachelor’s degree is in Laboratory Animal Medicine from North Carolina A&T State University, so her interests include not only cats and dogs but exotic animals as well. Dr. Dorsey has a variety of experience, including wildlife rehabilitation, rescue work, emergency medicine and large animal practice, and brings empathic enthusiasm to the practice. Dr. Dorsey is married with two adult children and one brilliant granddaughter. She currently has three cats and one dog, but those numbers are always changing!
Dear Northridge Clients and Friends,
Hi Everybody! I have to tell you that I will be greatly decreasing my presence at Northridge Animal Clinic in mid-July. My association with Northridge is and has been a great joy. Dr. Helsinger and Dr. Hapner have incorporated me into the Northridge family, the employees are my friends, children, and grandchildren. I will miss my clients and patients who have also been like family.
Life changes include slowing down to enjoy all stages. My plan to decrease travel and spend more time golfing with my husband comes at a time when the clinic is growing. I am happy that plans work and sad that those plans mean less time with my clients and patients here. Thank you, Lesley, you are the best. Thank you, Northridge for everything! I have learned so much from all of you.
Bestestest,
Dr. Karen Dorsey
SOURCE: https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=9548687
TITLE: "COVID-19 FAQ for Pet Owners"
Date Published: 03/09/2020
Date Reviewed/Revised: 11/30/2020
A "novel coronavirus", [< CLICK FOR CDC DEFINITION] named "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2), was identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China in 2019. The illness caused by this virus (SARS-CoV-2) has been named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Illustration courtesy of CDC: Alissa Eckert, MS and Dan Higgins, MAM 
This FAQ is mostly a resource from external sites that provide up-to-date information about COVID-19 and the SARS-CoV-2 virus as it pertains to veterinarians and pets.
A novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China in 2019. The illness caused by this virus has been named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Where can I find more information about COVID-19 that I can understand? [ https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/ ]
The Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC). [ https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/ ]
H - https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/
( POSTED IN ANIMALS, MISCELLANEOUS )
The new SARS-CoV-2 strain circulating in the UK (technically called SARS-CoV-2 VUI 202012/01, or B.1.1.7 – see “what’s in a name” below) has raised a lot of concern internationally. The fact that we have a mutant strain of the virus isn’t surprising. There are countless mutant strains out there already. Viruses like this naturally change over time. Usually the changes are fairly irrelevant in terms of how the virus behaves, though they can still be useful for tracking purposes. However, depending on the type of mutation and location on the virus genome, it can impact what the virus does in either a good way, or a bad way. Mutations are random, but if a certain mutation helps the virus survive and spread, those mutant strains tend to become more common.
What’s the deal with B.1.1.7 (or whatever you want to call it)?
This strain has multiple mutations (compared to other commonly circulating strains), and many of those mutations affect the spike protein. The spike protein is what the virus uses to attach to ACE2 receptors, which are found on the surface of human and animal cells. The better the match between the spike protein and the ACE2 receptor, the greater ability of the virus to attach to and infect cells. Differences in the ACE2 receptors impact species susceptibility (e.g. a person’s ACE2 receptor is a good match for the virus, so people can be infected. A bird’s ACE2 receptor is a very poor match so birds are resistant). The mutations in B.1.1.7 seem to make the spike protein a better match for human ACE2 receptors.
That’s likely why this strain seems to be much more transmissible to people than other strains, and it’s rapidly become a common strain the UK. It’s also been found in various other countries (typically with an epidemiological link to the UK).
How did B.1.1.7 emerge?
The ECDC’s Threat Assessment Brief mentions three main potential mechanisms for the emergence of this particular strain. They considered gradual accumulation of the collection of mutations in the UK to be unlikely, since this strain is a big jump from other strains in that country (i.e. intermediate generations of the virus with smaller numbers of these mutations weren’t found in the population before B.1.1.7 suddenly appeared). That left the following main considerations:
I assume this strain originated in a person. However, movement of viruses between species can foster selection of mutants, and that’s why we’re paying close attention to how SARS-CoV-2 behaves in animals, especially large groups of animals like mink farms where there can be a lot of transmission. It’s also one reason we’re worried about infection of wildlife, as sustained spread in wildlife could potentially create lots of new strains.
What is the impact of B.1.1.7 on animals?
Increased affinity for human cells doesn’t necessarily mean increased affinity for other species’ cells. It might, or it might result in decreased affinity. Hopefully someone’s looking into that.
How can we find out how B.1.1.7 affects animals?
Experimental studies are one way, but they’re not ideal in this case for a number of reasons. Field studies can be useful, looking at transmission of the new strain to animals in contact with infected people, as well as ongoing surveillance of animals in settings like mink farms. The issue is there are very few researchers doing things that way. Logistical challenges, as well as lack of coordination with the human health measures and testing, hamper timely testing of in-contact animals. We need to test animals when infection in their human contacts is first detected if we want to recover virus from them. Cooperation of local and provincial health authorities has been a challenge here, an understandable one though given the stress the system is under trying to manage the pandemic. It’s another example of why planning for this type of thing needs to be done in advance (as I said repeatedly post-SARS-CoV-1, and as I tried to address with the province in January 2020, with no response). The odds are good that animals won’t play a role in dissemination of this virus, but it would be nice to base that on data, not hope.
Will this new strain impact the most impressive vaccination development drive in human history?
Hopefully not. There is confidence that this mutation will not impact the efficacy of the current vaccines. However, it’s a reminder that we still have to control transmission as much as possible while vaccines roll out. Less transmission means fewer illnesses, fewer deaths and fewer mutations. We need to buy time until vaccines are available to everyone, everywhere, to reduce disease and the risk of significant mutations.
What does it mean for Canada (or the US, or any other country)?
It means we need to:
What’s in a name? When it comes to a virus…
Just like we quickly tried to move away from calling SARS-CoV-2 the “Wuhan coronavirus,” we are trying to avoid calling this new strain a “UK variant.” It’s best referred to as a strain first found in the UK, or by its technical name (which unfortunately isn’t particularly short or catchy). We shouldn’t be “shaming” countries that find pathogens or their variants and report them. Just because this new strain was first found in the UK doesn’t mean it originated there. We don’t want fear of blame, travel bans or things like that to be a disincentive for countries to test and report. Even if the virus emerged there, it’s not the UK’s fault (beyond the fact that more virus spread overall means more risk of a mutation like this occurring). A mutation like this could have happened anywhere in the world and been imported to the UK, and then spread rapidly there after it arrived.
We advise people who are concerned about exposure risk, precautions and latest news to consult the CDC informatiion and the Worms and Germs blog, as they are expected to contain the most up-to-date information.
Can SARS-CoV-2 infect dogs, cats and other animals? (updated 11/30)
We don’t really know. Preliminary evidence suggests that one dog in Hong Kong that lived with a person infected with the virus tested positive multiple times over multiple days. This suggests that the dog was in fact infected, rather than just contaminated with the virus. Subsequently, a second dog tested positive by RT-PCR. Neither dog showed clinical signs (the first dog died after quarantine from causes unrelated to the virus). In mid-March, 2020, the World Health Organization stated that there is no evidence at present that dogs and cats can be infected with SARS-CoV-2, develop the disease, or spread the disease. It is important to note that SARS-CoV-2 was not isolated from the first dog in Hong Kong - only RNA was identified via RT-PCR, although subsequent serological testing identified antibodies in the dog's blood confirming infection.
In late March 2020, a cat living with an infected person in Belgium tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 virus. The viral RNA was identified in the cat's feces. A second cat tested positive in Hong Kong via RTPCR on March 31 2020, with viral RNA identified from oral, nasal and rectal samples. The first cat showed vomiting, diarrhea and respiratory signs. The second cat showed no clinical signs.
Ferrets have been infected experimentally, and variably showed clinical signs of fever, decreased activity and some coughing. Multiple studies have shown that mink can become infected and transmit this infection to humans. In Denmark, multiple cases of infection in people were associated with mink farming, leading to en masse culling of mink in that country. Subsequently, mink farms in at least 6 countries, including the US, have identified SARS-CoV-2 in their animals.
SARS-CoV-2 utilizes two receptors in humans: It binds Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and then fuses with the cell membrane with help from a type-II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) (similar to the original SARS virus in the early 2000s). Sequence homology for ACE2 at the critical binding sites suggests that SARS-CoV-2 might be able to bind to ACE2 receptors in cats and ferrets. Given the findings from the one dog in Hong Kong (see Worms-and-Germs Blog), we can reasonably suspect that dogs might also bind the virus. Rats and mice appear not to be able to bind the virus, because their ACE2 receptors are different enough from those of dogs or cats.
Infection, however, requires additional steps than just virus binding and membrane fusion. Viral replication, avoiding the host immune response etc. are also necessary components of infection and potential transmission.
Can infected dogs and cats transmit the disease to people? (updated 11/30)
This is changing. Although no transmission from animal to human has been documented, a new study found that ferrets and cats (but not dogs) could be infected, and infected cats could transmit virus to other cats (transmission between ferrets was not tested). Experimentally infected dogs developed antibodies and viral RNA (but not live virus) was detected in feces from the infected dogs. Uninfected dogs did not appear to become infected. Subsequent studies have shown that cats can be infected and transmit virus to each other (Halfmann et al 2020), but they did not investigate transmission to people or other non-human animals. A study from Wuhan found that multiple cats in an epidemiological study had detectable virus, or antibodies suggestive of prior infection. Cats with the highest virus load shared households with infected people.
To date, all transmission has been human-to-human, after the initial jump from bats (most likely) to humans. It is worth noting that the original SARS virus could also bind to the dog and cat ACE2 receptor, but no reported cases of pet-to-human transmission of that virus were ever reported, although that outbreak was much smaller and investigation of domestic animals was limited. Evidence suggests that mink might, however, serve as s reservoir for the virus and possibly transmit it to humans (see previous section).
Consequently, caution should be taken when handling pets of people who are known to be infected, especially cats or ferrets. Precautions should be also adopted when handling dogs of infected people, however, the risk with dogs transmitting infection to humans appears, for the moment, lower than it might be with cats or ferrets.
What about your pets when you have COVID-19? (new 4/3)
In a household with a person with COVID-19, the infected person poses the greatest risk to others in the household. However, some emerging data suggest that certain pets can get infected, and might be able to transmit the infection (this has not yet been confirmed). Even uninfected pets could track the virus out of the household on their coats, although this risk is considered to be much smaller than people disseminating the virus. Therefore, it makes sense to take simple steps to reduce exposure of pets and keep exposed pets away from others.
The goal is to keep exposed animals away from unexposed people. We now know that cats and ferrets can likely become infected, and can produce live virus that could infect other cats, ferrets or, potentially, people. We know that dogs can become infected, but they might not be able to infect others (we don’t have evidence of that yet). We suspect that pigs might not capable of being infected, but additional studies are necessary to confirm this (so all you mini-pig owners – don’t hug your minipigs just yet!).
As we've said all along, if you’re sick, stay away from your animals just like you would other people. However, if you have COVID-19 and have been around your pets, keep the pets inside and away from other people (even others in your family who do not have the infection). If you’re self-isolating, so is your dog/cat/ferret! If you are positive for COVID-19, and your dog/cat/ferret has been snuggling up with you, there is a reasonable chance that the pet is positive. Dogs and cats probably will not show signs although ferrets might show mild signs. The pet should not come into contact with uninfected household members (unless this is unavoidable – see below).
If possible, your dog should be walked by the infected person. They should be walked only in an enclosed space (e.g. your yard but away from neighboring dogs) and only for the purposes of elimination (peeing and pooping). Walks for exercise are out until the person recovers and is no longer shedding virus (tests negative). If the infected person is too sick to do this, other household members should take out the dog isolated with the infected person. If one or more of the household members have recovered from the infection, they should do it – they’re likely immune to reinfection.
If no recovered people are available, and the infected person is too sick, then nominate a household member to do the pet care. The dog should remain isolated with the sick person, not roam free through the house. The person responsible for letting the dog out should wear gloves (and not let the dog lick their hands/face, etc). You do NOT need to wear disposable gloves. Dish-washing gloves are fine. Whoever takes the dog out should carefully wash the gloves (or use rubbing alcohol to clean them) and then wash their hands for at least 20 seconds after removing the gloves upon returning from outside and returning the dog to the isolation area where the infected person is. The risk of transmission from a dog leash is low because the dog is unlikely to have secreted virus onto it, unless it’s a leash chewer – then you’ll want to wash it or disinfect it. Dog bowls should be cleaned periodically with detergent and water, after which, hands should be washed or disinfected (remember, pet mouths go into the bowl, and pet mouths can carry infected saliva). Do not touch or handle the bowl while dispensing food; if you do, wash your hands right away.
Ferrets and cats are our main focus, both in terms of keeping infected people away from them (so the animals don’t get infected) and, again, keeping exposed animals away from unexposed people. The fomite risk is pretty small, although with cats self-grooming, there has to be a greater risk of viral contamination of the fur than in dogs. Therefore, if uninfected, do not handle the cat if it can be avoided – let the infected person medicate, feed and water the cat if at all possible.
If an uninfected person must take care of a potentially infected (i.e. exposed) cat or ferret, the person should wear gloves while handling the cat, the food and water bowls, litter boxes and ferret condos. Avoid touching the cat or ferret. Again, kitchen gloves are fine; wash them thoroughly after you're done as described above, then wash or disinfect your hands.
While these precautions will not guarantee protection against infection, they should hopefully reduce the risk.
Again, the best solution is to avoid having the pet come into contact with an exposed or infected individual who is self-isolating.
Additional views on this can be found here.
Can pets serve as fomites in the spread of COVID-19?
(A fomite is an object such as a dish or a doorknob that may be contaminated with infectious organisms and serve in their transmission. Answer from the American Veterinary Medical Association)
This question has been addressed by the AVMA. Here is the direct quotation:
"COVID-19 appears to be primarily transmitted by contact with an infected person’s [ MAMMAL'S ] bodily secretions, such as saliva or mucus droplets in a cough or sneeze.COVID-19 might be able to be transmitted by touching a contaminated surface or object (i.e., a fomite) and then touching the mouth, nose, or possibly eyes, but this appears to be a secondary route. Smooth (non-porous) surfaces (e.g., countertops, door-knobs) transmit viruses better than porous materials (e.g., paper money, pet fur), because porous, and especially fibrous, materials absorb and trap the pathogen (virus), making it harder to contract through simple touch.
Because most pet hair is porous and also fibrous, it is very unlikely that a person would contract COVID-19 by petting or playing with a pet. However, because animals can spread other diseases to people and people can also spread diseases to animals, it’s always a good idea to wash hands before and after interacting with animals; ensure the pet is kept well-groomed; and regularly clean the pet’s food and water bowls, bedding material, and toys."
Could the SARS-CoV-2 virus cause clinical disease in dogs, cats or ferrets?
We don’t know. The two dogs that might be infected in Hong Kong showed no clinical signs. The closely related SARS virus did not cause disease in cats (but cats were able to transmit the virus to other cats). In contrast, disease did occur in experimentally infected ferrets. There is currently no evidence that domestic animals can develop disease from this virus or, if infected, transmit it to other animals or people. However, study of animals to date has been limited.
COVID and The Bronx Tiger – what does this mean? (new 4/6)
As we have noted, cats appear to be susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2. They might also be able to transmit the disease from one cat to another. Because lions and tigers are cats, it’s not surprising that they are also able to be infected.
What this case shows is that people who are asymptomatic or presymptomatic (as was the zoo keeper) can infect others. That includes cats.
So, can cats infect us? Currently, there are no reported cases of cats (or dogs or ferrets or tigers) transmitting the virus to humans. How would a cat, living indoors, get infected? From an infected house member. And that house member would pose a greater risk to uninfected house members than the cat would.
What about the cat that is indoor-outdoor? It’s much harder to enforce a neighborhood wanderer to practice social distancing. Therefore, it might be reasonable to keep a cat like this indoors for the near future.
However, it would be reasonable to suspect that an infected cat might be able to infect a human. Therefore, if a cat lives with a person who is infected, the cat should be treated as potentially infective – uninfected people should not handle the cat, or if they have to, they should handle the cat while wearing gloves and then wash their hands or disinfect their hands immediately. Given that cats groom themselves, consider that a potentially infected cat is likely to have virus on its coat.
If there is a cat who has not been near the infected person, keeping that cat separated from the infected person should be sufficient to prevent the cat from becoming infected.
Should I (can I) test a pet for SARS-CoV-2?
Many animal diagnostic laboratories are not currently set up to test for this specific coronavirus. Some are, and might be able to test animals with known exposure. For example, if the owner is infected (confirmed), it could be possible for them to ask for testing of their pet dog or cat (or ferret). However, given that the current data suggest that these pets are not infective to people, the rational for doing this is questionable.
The dilemma about testing pets increases, given that any owner with a known infection (has tested positive) should be quarantined, and their pet should be considered, from a health-and-safety perspective to also be contaminated or infected. Consequently, you would be required to adopt precautions to prevent infection, by wearing PPE, a face mask, and face shield (to prevent contact from the pet’s contaminated haircoat, or, if infected, saliva or droplets getting into your conjunctival mucosa) etc. Most clinicians are not set up to do this.
What disinfectants can I use to decontaminate surfaces?
The CDC has provided information for the public about decontaminating and disinfecting surfaces.
A group of German investigators has identified several commonly available disinfectants that should inactivate SARS-CoV-2. These include:
Can ivermectin prevent infection or reduce viral load? (updated 4/7)
No.
A study, published 04/03/2020, suggested that ivermectin could reduce viral load in vitro. This immediately generated excitement and interest in the idea that ivermectin could be used to either prevent or treat the infection. That's patently untrue. The study does not provide the doses of ivermectin used to inhibit replication; however, examination of the figures suggests that a concentration of approximately 7 uM was required to effectively suppress viral replication. You would have to give over 100 times that dose - which would likely be fatal to most animal species - to even come close to the concentrations used in the study. That amount is approximately 6,000 monthly doses of the large-dog size ivermectin-based heartworm preventive.
Can a veterinary client-patient relationship be established via a telemedicine consultation to minimize exposure risk but still provide veterinary care?
A veterinary client-patient relationship (VCPR) is established primarily by state law. On the Federal front, the FDA has issued guidance noting that due to the current pandemic they “may” not prosecute for extralabel drug use in animals where VCPR doesn’t exist, but this limited potential exception does not change state law. As a general rule, you cannot establish VCPR using telemedicine. On the other hand, once you have VCPR using traditional standards, you can certainly use telemedicine for ongoing care. Regardless, remember you are responsible for meeting the medical standard of care – using telemedicine does not change the standards.
Can I still go to the veterinarian if I am sick?
It's best if you self-quarantine. The CDC says that If you have a medical appointment, call the healthcare provider and tell them that you have or may have COVID-19. This will help the healthcare provider’s office take steps to keep other people from getting infected or exposed. Perhaps someone else can take your pet in.
For everyone’s safety, if you believe you have been exposed to COVID-19, call your veterinarian before having your pet seen for any health conditions. Practice social distancing. You and your veterinarian can discuss the safest approach for all concerned whether he needs immediate medical intervention or not. Prescriptions can be mailed, but make sure you call early enough so that they will arrive in the mail by the time you need them.
SOURCE: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/veterinary-support/disease-information/feline-coronavirus
TITLE: "Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) RT-PCR"
MUTAGENISIS :
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis_(molecular_biology_technique)
https://www.dvm360.com/view/vaccine-aims-to-nip-fip-in-the-bud : TITLE: "Vaccine aims to nip FIP in the bud"
March 16, 2020 - Sarah Mouton Dowdy - dvm360, dvm360 April 2020, Volume 51, Issue 4
"... A new contender may soon be entering the ring in the fight against feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Morris Animal Foundation–funded researchers from Colorado State University (CSU) are developing an oral vaccine designed to beat the disease to the punch by targeting feline enteric coronavirus (FECV)—the highly contagious and common virus that can mutate randomly into FIP. ..."
"Morris Animal Foundation" : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Animal_Foundation :
https://www.morrisanimalfoundation.org/study/diagnosing-and-preventing-feline-infectious-peritonitis
| Subject | SEEKING CLEAR GUIDANCE - - to purchase OR ADOPT a mammal - DURING PANDEMIC |
| From | Susan Cassady Neuhart |
| To | bw73@cornell.edu, cmc452@cornell.edu, ksr52@cornell.edu, gmf1@cornell.edu, slm355@cornell.edu, bp75@cornell.edu, jlp342@cornell.edu, sn298@cornell.edu, Neuhart Hans, Susancn, Carol Rudolph, Zebar Debbie |
| Reply-To | REDACTED |
| Reply-To | REDACTED |
| Date | Wed 09:53 - 12-30-2020 |
Dear Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine - Professors, et al ( "Animal Health Diagnostic Center" ),
We are Senior Americans - actively engaged in a search to purchase a cat - to replace our beloved PixieBOB male feline - named Merlin. [ ... WE ARE ... SEEKING CLEAR GUIDANCE - UP TO AND INCLUDING: "Cornell University advises ... WAIT! UNTIL THE 'PANDEMIC' IS OFFICIALLY DECLARED OVER" - BY ANTHONY fAUCI - to purchase OR ADOPT a mammal - BECAUSE, SUCH ANIMALS CAN BE "asymptomatic carriers" of the coronavirus species" [ WHICH, can mutate AND INFECT HUMANS; OR, TEST, TEST, TEST & ISOLATE - between tests ...]
Merlin was diagnosed with Feline Lymphoma - circa December 1, 2020 - by two Veterinarians - practicing near our single family home - in zip 45405. We opted to euthanize - related to their diagnosis - and prognosis - of his condition. [ We also disposed of all food stocks, litter, litter holder, toys, etc. ]
I am a retired person. My husband [of 38+ years] is a medical and scientific digital illustrator. He performs his work (exclusively) - from his office - in our "SINGLE-FAMILY" home - zip 45405. [ https://www.sciencevectorart.com/ ]
We are both in good health - at present - and, observe all SARS-COV-2 [ COVid-19 advice - from Dr. Anthony Fauci : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fauci ].
Thus, I read - with interest - [that] you offer a Feline Coronavirus test "( FCoV ) RT-PCR" test . "Cornell University"
-
SOURCE: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/veterinary-support/disease-information/feline-coronavirus
TITLE: "Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) RT-PCR"
I am aware the FIPv virus AND SARS-COV-2 virus - are members of the coronavirus family - and, they readily "mutate" - as does the entire coronaviridae family. [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaviridae ] I am a graduate - of the "Environmental Sciences" curriculum : UWGB 1982 - The degree required Genetics and I performed an Independent study - related to: DNA Hybridization: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_hybridization
If we purchase a cat - from a "breeder" [ in the 45405 area ] - We want to be assured - by science - the cat is healthy - to interact closely with - and, will remain so - for many years.
We will pay for the required [( FCoV ) RT-PCR] test - but, recognize that timing and location - of the feline (under "inspection" and test are critical); That is, a cat testing negative (for Feline Coronavirus ) - can be subsequently "infected" - within seconds - if exposed to a coronavirus positive mammal - in a Cattery environment.
[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattery ] : CATS TYPICALLY GROOM EACH OTHER - IN GREETING !
I have written to the FDA ( Monique.Richards@fda.hhs.gov : https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-organization/center-veterinary-medicine ) - re: feline testing - but, she has not responded (yet). [ https://hansandcassady.org/lumpsON-merlin.html#FDA-question ]
AND Dr. Ford ( Richard B. ) Professor North Carolina College of Veterinary Medicine [Raleigh, NC] - he he has not responded (yet) https://cvm.ncsu.edu/directory/ford-richard/
The Public Health Department of Montgomery County/Dayton, Ohio [ https://www.phdmc.org/ ]
- YES, has responded - to my Email inquiry. They cite 2 links to the CDC ...
(1) https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/pets.html
" What you need to know:
A - small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported [*external icon*] to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19,
mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.
B - Based on the limited information available to date, the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.
C - It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.
D - Treat pets as you would other human family members – do not let pets interact with people outside the household.
E - If a person inside the household becomes sick, isolate that person from everyone else, including pets.
F - This is a rapidly evolving situation and information will be updated as it becomes available. ..."
(2) https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html#Pets-and-Animals
AGAIN: WE ARE SENIOR AMERICANS SEEKING CLEAR GUIDANCE - UP TO AND INCLUDING: "Cornell University advises ... WAIT! UNTIL THE 'PANDEMIC' IS OFFICIALLY DECLARED OVER" - BY ANTHONY fAUCI - to purchase OR ADOPT a mammal - bECAUSE, SUCH ANIMALS CAN BE "asymptomatic carriers" of the coronavirus species" [ WHICH, can mutate AND INFECT HUMANS; OR, TEST, TEST, TEST & ISOLATE - between tests
NOTE: the feline we purchase will be an exclusively "indoor pet" - with "full access" to our single family home. We have no other pets. Merlin, often slept in our bed - snuggled in the covers - between us; Thus, this [we ANTICIPATE ] will be options offered for the "new" feline also. My husband is most interested in the "Maine Coon" cat breed.
Respectfully,
- Susan Neuhart (nee CassAdy) - and, Hans Neuhart
The story of "how" we obtained Merlin - can be found here [ https://hansandcassady.org/lumpsON-merlin.html#SECTION%20E Merlin's Story.
THAT IS MERLIN adopted us - in the mountains outside of Asheville, NC :: (CIRCA 2008). WHICH, IS EXACTLY WHAT THE US CDC, FDA - AND FWS ADVISES AMERICANS NOT! TO DO [TODAY].
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bw73@cornell.edu
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ksr52@cornell.edu
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gmf1@cornell.edu
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Sarah Nickerson - Shelter Medicine Program Coordinator(607) 253-3857
sn298@cornell.eDU
SOURCE: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6435921/
TITLE: "Efficacy and safety of the nucleoside analog GS-441524 for treatment of cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis"
- SOURCE: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis
TITLE: " Feline Infectious Peritonitis "
"FCoV virus" "SARS-COV-2 virus" < GOOGLE
SOURCE: https://www.firstpost.com/health/antiviral-drug-used-to-treat-coronavirus-infection-in-cats-may-be-effective-against-sars-cov-2-says-study-8764831.html
TITLE: " Antiviral drug used to treat coronavirus infection in cats may be effective against SARS-CoV-2, says study "
( https://hansandcassady.org/lumpsON-merlin.html ) < MAIN PAGE - INCLUDES RICHARD FORD'S ARTICLE [ DVM - University NC - Raleigh Campus ]
( https://hansandcassady.org/lumpsON-merlin.html#SECTION%20E < Merlin's Story - CIRCA 2008 )
SOURCE: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/veterinary-support/disease-information/feline-coronavirus
TITLE: "Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) RT-PCR"
MUTAGENISIS :
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis_(molecular_biology_technique)
https://www.dvm360.com/view/vaccine-aims-to-nip-fip-in-the-bud : TITLE: "Vaccine aims to nip FIP in the bud"
DATE: March 16, 2020 - BY: Sarah Mouton Dowdy - dvm360, dvm360 April 2020, Volume 51, Issue 4
"... A new contender may soon be entering the ring in the fight against feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Morris Animal Foundation–funded researchers from Colorado State University (CSU) are developing an oral vaccine designed to beat the disease to the punch by targeting feline enteric coronavirus (FECV)—the highly contagious and common virus that can mutate randomly into FIP. ..."
"Morris Animal Foundation" : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Animal_Foundation :
https://www.morrisanimalfoundation.org/study/diagnosing-and-preventing-feline-infectious-peritonitis
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