1. PEIG 1.01- List of Cases of U.S. And USSR/Russian Partisan Electoral Intervention Target :: Intervener :: Year/Election :: Assisted Party/Candidate b :: Covert/overt Argentina U.S. 1946 Jose P. Tamborini Overt Hungary USSR 1947 MKP Overt Italya U.S. 1948 DC Overtc Italya USSR 1948 PCI Covert U.S. USSR 1948 Henry A. Wallace Overt Israel U.S. 1949 Mapai Overt Finland USSR 1950 * Overt Japan U.S. 1952 Liberal Party Overt West Germany U.S. 1953 CDU Overt Italya U.S. 1953 DC Overtc Italya USSR 1953 PCI Covert Japan U.S. 1953 Liberal Party Overtc Philippines U.S. 1953 Ramon Magsaysay Covert Brazil U.S. 1955 Juarez Tavora Covert Indonesia U.S. 1955 Masjumi Covert Laos U.S. 1955 NPP Covert Finland USSR 1956 Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Overt Iceland U.S. 1956 Independence Party Overt Sri Lanka U.S. 1956 UNP Overt West Germany USSR 1957 SPD Overt Lebanon U.S. 1957 Supporters of Camille Chamoun Covert Philippines U.S. 1957 Jose Yulo Covert Greecea U.S. 1958 ERE Covert Greecea USSR 1958 EDA Overt Guatemala U.S. 1958 Jose Luis Cruz Salazar Covert Italy U.S. 1958 DC Covert Japan U.S 1958 LDP Overtc Laos U.S. 1958 NPP Overtc Venezuela USSR 1958 Wolfgang Larazabal Covert Malaysia U.S. 1959 UNMO Covert Nepal U.S. 1959 Nepali Congress Party Covert San Marino U.S. 1959 PDCS Covert Democratic Republic of the Congo USSR 1960 MNC Covert Japan U.S 1960 LDP Covert Laos U.S. 1960 CDNI Covert Sri Lanka U.S 1960 (March) UNP Covert Sri Lanka U.S 1960 (July) UNP Covert Greece U.S. 1961 ERE Covert Philippines U.S. 1961 Diosdado Pangan Macapagal Covert South Vietnam† U.S. 1961 Ngo Dinh Diem Covert Brazil U.S. 1962 ** Covert Canada USSR 1962 Liberal Party Overt Finland USSR 1962 Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Overt Peru U.S 1962 Victor Raul Haya De La Torre Covert Italy U.S 1963 DC Covert Japan U.S 1963 LDP Covert Bolivia† U.S. 1964 Victor Paz Estenssoro Covert Chilea U.S 1964 Eduardo Frei Montalva Covert Chilea USSR 1964 Salvador Allende Gossens Covert Somalia U.S. 1964 *** Covert Sri Lanka U.S. 1965 UNP Covert Bolivia U.S. 1966 Rene Barrientos Covert Ortuno Costa Rica U.S. 1966 Daniel Oduber Quiros Covert Dominican Republic U.S. 1966 Joaquin Beleaguer Covert India USSR 1967 CPI Covert Laos U.S 1967 **** Covert Finland USSR 1968 Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Overt Guyana U.S. 1968 PNC Covert Italy U.S. 1968 DC Covert West Germany USSR 1969 SPD Overt Thailand U.S. 1969 UTPT Covert Chilea U.S. 1970 Radomiro Tomic & Jorge Allesanderi Covert Chilea USSR 1970 Salvador Allende Gossens Covert Costa Rica USSR 1970 Jose Figueres Ferrer Covert Pakistan USSR 1970 Awami League Covert Malta U.S. 1971 PN Covert Uruguay U.S. 1971 Colorados/Juan Maria Bordaberry Covert South Vietnam † U.S. 1971 Nguyen Van Thieu Covert West Germany USSR 1972 SPD Covert Italya U.S. 1972 DC Covert Italya USSR 1972 PCI Covert Japan USSR 1972 JCP Covert Bangladesh USSR 1973 Awami League Covert Denmark USSR 1973 DKP Covert France USSR 1974 Francois Mitterrand Covert Greece USSR 1974 United Left Covert Denmark USSR 1975 DKP Covert Italya U.S. 1976 DC Overtc Italya USSR 1976 PCI Covert India USSR 1977 Congress party (I) Covert West Germany USSR 1980 SPD Covert Iran U.S. 1980 (Jan.) Ahmad Madani Covert Jamaica U.S. 1980 Jamaican Labor Party Covert El Salvador U.S. 1982 Christian Democratic Party/Duarte Overtc Mauritius U.S. 1982 Labor Party Covert West Germany USSR 1983 SPD Overt Italy U.S 1983 DC Covert El Salvador U.S 1984 Jose Napoleon Duarte Covert Grenada U.S. 1984 New National Party Overtc Panama U.S. 1984 Nicolas Ardito Barletta Covert U.S. USSR 1984 Walter F. Mondale Covert ************************************** Costa Rica U.S. 1986 Rafael Angel Calderon Fournier Covert U.K U.S. 1987 Conservatives Overt Chile† U.S. 1988 ‘No’ Campaign Overt France USSR 1988 Andre Lajoinie Covert Panama U.S. 1989 Guillermo Endara Covert Bulgaria U.S. 1990 UDF Overt Czechoslovakia U.S 1990 OF-VPN Overt Haiti U.S. 1990 Marc Louis Bazin Covert Nicaragua U.S. 1990 Violeta Barrios de Chamorro Overtc Romania U.S. 1990 PNL Overt Albania U.S. 1991 PDSH Overt Bulgaria U.S 1991 UDF Covert Albania U.S. 1992 PDSH Covert Israel U.S. 1992 Labor Overt Lithuania Russia 1992 LDDP Overt Romania U.S. 1992 CDR Covert Yugoslavia/Serbia U.S. 1992 Milan Panic Overt Cambodia U.S. 1993 FUNCINPEC Covert Belarus Russia 1994 Vyacheslav F. Kebich Overt Ukraine U.S. 1994 Leonid Kravchuk Overt Israel U.S. 1996 Shimon Peres/ Labor Overt Russia U.S. 1996 Boris N. Yeltsin Overtc ***************************** Latvia Russia 1998 TSP Overt Slovakia U.S. 1998 SDK Covert Israel U.S. 1999 Ehud Barak/One Israel Covert Yugoslavia/Serbia U.S 2000 Vojislav Kostunica Overt Notes: a Double interventions (the U.S. backing one side while the USSR/Russia backing another side during the same election). b Name of candidate in presidential elections, name of party in parliamentary elections. Main candidate/ party only. c An overt intervention that also included a significant covert component. †Cases of partisan electoral interventions in elections which weren’t competitive following my criteria, usually due to last moment boycotts of the elections by one of the major sides which were widely expected to contest them or (in the 1988 Chilean case) a rare example of a relatively competitive plebiscite. * Identity of aided candidate in this election not fully certain, besides being a competitor to Pres. Paasikivi, given available data (although probably Urho Kekkonen). ** Identity of aided candidate/party in this election, besides being part of the opposition to Pres. Goulart, unknown given available data. *** Identity of aided candidate/party, besides being among the losers of this election, unknown given available data. **** Identity of aided candidate/party unknown given available data.